The lack of understanding of bilateral breast cancer is a much more complex problem for oncologists. Today the incidence of unilateral as well as bilateral breast cancer is much higher than 10 years ago, which makes this problem even more urgent. Information about the causes of bilateral breast cancer, important criteria for the development of the disease, early diagnosis of the disease and early detection of the possibility of bilateral metachronous cancer, as well as preventive measures are not fully covered in the literature, scientific studies. In this article, the authors analyze the data of the recommendations of the international scientific society and the results of large clinical trials on bilateral breast cancer. Also, important criteria in the development of metachronous and synchronous breast cancer were analyzed, the results of clinical and morphological, immunohistochemical aspects were studied. The reasons for the development and modern knowledge about the diagnosis of bilateral breast cancer have been studied. In particular, the authors reviewed and studied about 40 foreign and domestic scientific works devoted to this problem.
Cancer of the digestive system is the most common cause of death among malignant neoplasms (Table 1). According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) for 2008, the incidence of cancer of the digestive system was 49.2 people per 100 thousand people per year, the mortality rate was 34.3 people per 100 thousand. At a relatively low incidence rate, esophageal cancer is the seventh most common cause of death from malignant tumors, giving way to lung, breast, stomach, liver, prostate, and colon cancers. This is due to the extremely malignant nature of the course, early metastasis, and late diagnosis of esophageal cancer. The aggressiveness index, calculated as the ratio of deaths to new cases, is extremely high in esophageal cancer and is about 95%.
The absolute number of deaths from esophageal cancer in 2008 in the world was 406 thousand people. In developing countries, morbidity and mortality from esophageal cancer are significantly higher than in developed countries (Table 2). The most common two histological types of esophageal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Despite the similarity of the clinical picture, diagnostic and therapeutic tactics, an extremely unfavorable prognosis for both forms of esophageal cancer, these malignant neoplasms have different risk factors, socio-geographic and ethnic characteristics, knowledge of which is necessary for the timely establishment of the diagnosis and preventive measures. Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (Fig. 1) is an extremely aggressive epithelial malignant tumor of stratified squamous epithelium, in most cases localized between the middle and lower third of the esophagus, the tumor is rare in the cervical esophagus.
Tobacco and alcohol have long been acknowledged as carcinogens holding a critical role in the progression of a various cancers. Identifying the degree to which tobacco and alcohol can impact cancer mortality is necessary to developing effective public health strategies and mitigating risks with preventative measures. The goal of this study is to characterize the behavior of cancer mortality in response to shocks in alcohol and tobacco consumption utilizing aggregate U.S. data. This is the first study of its kind to examine the intertemporal relationship between cancer mortality and its determining factors within a dynamic system. Our results indicate cancer mortality displays persistence and its path dependency varies considerably between the shock factors. An unexpected shock to alcohol consumption results in cancer mortality taking about 17 years to return to its pre-shock level, whereas tobacco consumption shocks recover the original cancer mortality level in about 10 years. Alcohol has a more dominant effect on cancer mortality regardless of time dimension. As a result, policies that have been previously emphasized toward mitigating tobacco consumption may prove prudent in addressing alcohol as a public health concern with respect to cancer mortality.
Using multivariate analysis to identify predictive risk parameters in the diagnosis of asymptomatic osteogenic metastasis of renal and prostate cancer. The work was based on the results of observations of 105 patients with a morphologically confirmed diagnosis of malignant neoplasm registered at the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Center of Oncology and Radiology (RSNPMTSO and R) and the Samarkand branch. In 62 patients with kidney cancer (RP) included in the study, the mean age of patients with RP was 58.3 years. 43 patients with prostate cancer (PC) were included in the study, the average age of patients with PC was 68 years. We analyzed such parameters as age, stage of the disease, timing of detection of bone metastasis (BM), prevalence, type and size of BM, as well as additional criteria: in case of prostate cancer - the size of the primary tumor and the degree of malignancy, in case of prostate cancer - the sum of points on the Gleason scale and the prostate -specific antigen (PSA). It was revealed that the highest risk in detecting BM in RP was noted for the stage of the disease, p = 0.006. Also, a high risk was associated with the size and grade of tumor malignancy, with CR at p = 0.006 and p = 0.008, respectively. Among the listed, the highest risk in detecting BM is observed in prostate cancer for the stage of the disease (p = 0.001). In addition, an increased risk was observed for the Gleason score and PSA level (p = 0.013 and p = 0.008, respectively). Thus, during the 2-year follow-up, BM most often develops in patients with kidney cancer at stage Tv-T3a stage and with grade G III and in patients with prostate cancer - in the presence of stage III with a Gleason score of ≥ 7 and a level PSA in the range of 21-50 ng / ml.
Bladder cancer (BC) is a rather common disease. The incidence of bladder cancer in the population is gradually increasing[3,7] In non-invasive bladder carcinoma (NICM), transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TUR) is the cornerstone of treatment. Successful treatment of these tumours depends on adequate initial resection and an accurate histological diagnosis. After TUR alone, around 50 70% of patients develop recurrence. Reasons for this high rate of recurrence of NICMP have been cited for incomplete resection during the initial TUR, aggressive tumour biology, and implantation of tumour cells[6,8,9].
The high recurrence rate of muscle noninvasive bladder cancer (BC) dictates the search for new methods of surgical treatment. The problem of bladder cancer (BC) treatment is very urgent in urology, because of high morbidity, difficulties in determining the optimal treatment tactics, necessity of long-term follow-up examinations, high recurrence rate and progression. Risk and progression criteria have been developed to identify groups of patients in need of closer follow-up, which can be quantified using risk calculators for recurrence and tumour progression. Although there are clear guidelines for the treatment of patients with bladder cancer, it is also believed that the rate of recurrence depends on the quality of the primary surgical procedure performed [1,2].
The Tashkent Institute of improvement of doctors Results of treatment of 78 bladders sick by a cancer (BCa) with a lesion regional lymph nodes in stages T3-4 N1-2 MO are presented. The recurrent tumor is taped 19 (82,6 %) from 23 patients by whom the radical cystectomy (RCE) with standard lymph node dissection and the subsequent polychemotherapy (PCHT ) (I group was spent). On the average in 5,2 months after the treatment termination; in 11 group of 25 patients after RCE with dilated lymph node
dissection and the subsequent PCHT at 18 (72.0 %) the recurrent tumor, on the average in 4,8 months is taped. In 111 group after carrying out PCHT (without surgical treatment) advance of growth of a tumor after its regress and stabilization, was diagnosed at 27 (90,0 %) from 30
patients, on the average in 3,5 months. The survival rate median in 1 group of patients has made 9,4± 3,6 months, in II group - 12,5±4,2 months and in 111 group - 7,4 ± 2.9 months (p <0,05)
Diagnosis and management of pregnant women with cervical cancer is a difficult problem for clinicians. There is still no consensus on the need for a biopsy or conization in pregnant women, especially with suspected CIN III and cancer in situ. The issues of diagnosis, treatment, delivery and monitoring in pregnant women with cervical cancer are practically not covered in textbooks and scientific and practical publications. This article analyzes the recommendations of the international scientific community and the results of large-scale clinical studies on the management of pregnant women with abnormal cytological smears during pregnancy. Summarized current knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of CIN during pregnancy. Also reviewed and analyzed more than 40 works of domestic and foreign authors on this issue
Malignant neoplasms are one of the most relevant areas of modern medicine. More than 120 thousand people annually. recognized as disabled due to oncological diseases. In the structure of mortality from this class of diseases, about 30% are people of working age [1,5,9].
In the structure of primary disability, malignant neoplasms occupy the 2nd place after diseases of the circulatory system (16-20% of the total number of those who were first recognized as disabled) [1,2,9].
Affected mainly by the population in active working age, up to 90-95% of patients at the initial examination are recognized as invalids of groups I-II [22].
In men, the main disabling disease is lung cancer - 27.8%, in second place - stomach cancer - 11.3%, in third - cancer of the rectum and colon - 11.0%, in fourth - cancer of the larynx - 7.3%. In women, the leading disabling disease is breast cancer - 39.5% and female genital cancer - 26.3%. Cancer of the rectum and colon occupies 9.2% in the structure of primary disability in women [11,12,18].
This paper explores the pivotal role of spectroscopy in cancer screening and diagnosis, shedding light on its significance in early detection and accurate characterization of cancerous tissues. Spectroscopic techniques offer unique capabilities for non-invasive and real-time analysis of tissue composition, providing valuable insights into biochemical and structural alterations associated with cancer development. By leveraging the inherent molecular signatures of tissues, spectroscopy enables clinicians to identify abnormal changes indicative of cancer presence, facilitating timely intervention and improved patient outcomes. This review examines the principles, methodologies, and applications of spectroscopy in cancer detection across various modalities, including Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, it discusses recent advancements, challenges, and future directions in harnessing spectroscopic technologies for enhanced cancer screening and diagnosis.